Cluster 1
High
Urban core of established metro areas with more segregation, history of disinvestment
Disinvestment
Low income
55-64 years old
High unemployment
Black
2-4 unit buildings
Built before 1950
High vacancy
Limited new development
Very low-income renters, an older rental stock, and high levels of cost burden indicate affordability challenges tied to concentrated poverty and a history of disinvestment. Most frequently found in the urban core of "mature" metro areas with higher levels of segregation and histories of disinvestment.
- Demand: This market type has high levels of renter households. It has the highest share of renters earning very low incomes (less than 30% AMI) and low incomes (30%-50% AMI). Conversely, it has the lowest shares of renters earning over 80% AMI. The renter population is older with the highest share of renters over age 55 compared to other clusters. The majority of the population in this market type is Black.
- Supply: This market type has an older housing stock with the highest share of rental housing stock built before WW2. It has also seen limited new investment with the lowest levels of rental properties built since 2000. Compared to other market types, this area has a high share of rental units in 1 to 4 unit properties. It has the highest level of rental units in 2 to 4 unit buildings specifically, but the lowest share of rental units in 5-49 unit properties.
- Affordability: This market type has the highest share of lower-cost rental units, but because of the very low incomes of renters, it also has the highest levels of renter cost burden. Because of the broad range of affordability challenges, this area has the highest levels of affordable housing subsidy programs including housing choice voucher usage and units connected to project-based section 8 and public housing.
Programs active in Cluster 1
Opportunity Investment Fund (OIF) Chicago
Cluster 1 Cluster 2The Opportunity Investment Fund (OIF), also referred to as the Mezzanine Debt Fund, is administered by Community Investment Corporation (CIC) a Chicago-based community development financial institution (CDFI). The program provides low-cost mezzanine debt to developers acquiring existing, operating rental properties in high-cost Chicago markets. Borrowers must commit to making at … Read more >
Acquisition Opportunity Program (AOP) Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2The Acquisition Opportunity Program (AOP) is administered by the City of Boston's Mayor's Office of Housing and enables developers to pre-qualify for acquisition funding of up to $100,000 per unit to compete in risking cost markets to preserve rental housing affordability. Pre-qualification requires demonstrated organizational experience, financial capacity, and long-term … Read more >
Property Tax Incentive for Affordable Rental Housing Chicago, Statewide
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Property Tax Incentive for Affordable Rental Housing is a statewide property tax incentive in Illinois, implemented at the county level through individual County Assessor's offices. In Cook County, the incentive is called the Affordable Housing Special Assessment Program (AHSAP). Properties must have seven or more residential units and involve … Read more >
Amazon’s Housing Equity Fund Nashville, Seattle, Washington D.C.
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5In January 2021, Amazon launched the $2 billion Housing Equity Fund with the goal of creating and preserving 20,000 affordable homes across three of its hometown communities, Washington State's Puget Sound region; the Arlington, Virginia/National Capital region; and Nashville, Tennessee, within five years. In June 2024, the company extended the … Read more >
Boston Acquisition Fund (BAF) Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 6The Boston Acquisition Fund (BAF) is a public-private revolving loan fund established by the City of Boston in 2024 and administered by Massachusetts Housing Investment Corporation (MHIC), a CDFI. The fund finances the acquisition and preservation of rental units currently renting below market rates in Boston in rising cost markets. … Read more >
Navigator Pre-Development Loan Hartford, Pittsburgh, Washington D.C.
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Navigator Pre-Development Loan is part of a broader suite of innovative financing products designed to connect property owners with technical assistance and funding to implement energy efficiency and climate resiliency retrofits. Created by Inclusive Prosperity Capital (IPC), a nonprofit specialty financing intermediary, the product is implemented in collaboration with … Read more >
Built to Last Philadelphia
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3Built to Last is an energy efficiency and home preservation initiative coordinated by the Philadelphia Energy Authority (PEA), an independent municipal authority established by Philadelphia City Council in 2010. The program launched as a pilot in 2021 and serves owner-occupied properties whose owners earn below 200% of the Federal Poverty … Read more >
Detroit Housing for the Future Fund (DHFF) Detroit
Cluster 1The Detroit Housing for the Future Fund (DHFF) is a privately managed investment fund administered by LISC Fund Management, LLC, a subsidiary of the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), that pools private and philanthropic capital to address Detroit's shortage of affordable housing, particularly for households earning between 40% and 60% … Read more >
District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) Washington D.C.
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5The District Opportunity to Purchase Act (DOPA) is a preservation tool administered by the DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) that grants the District of Columbia a right of first purchase when eligible rental properties are offered for sale. DOPA applies to rental properties with five or more … Read more >
Green Cost Share Minneapolis
Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 5The Green Cost Share program is administered by the City of Minneapolis to connect commercial and multifamily property owners with funding for energy efficiency upgrades and solar installations. Properties with five or more units are eligible. The base incentive provides a city match of 20% of total project cost, up … Read more >
Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF) Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Income-Eligible Multi-Family Retrofit Program (IEMF), administered under the Mass Save® collaborative of Massachusetts electric and natural gas utilities, provides no-cost or incentivized energy efficiency improvements to affordable multifamily properties. Eligible properties must have five or more units with at least 50% of units occupied by households at or below … Read more >
Low-Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Statewide, Minneapolis
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6Administered by Minnesota Housing, the state’s housing finance authority (HFA), the Low Income Rental Classification (LIRC) Program provides that qualifying low-income rental properties are eligible for property use classification that has a lower tax class rate thereby reducing the property tax obligation for a given property. This property use classification … Read more >
Multifamily Energy Savings (MFES) Regional, Chicago
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Multifamily Energy Savings (MFES) program is a utility-delivered energy efficiency initiative serving affordable multifamily properties in northern Illinois, administered jointly by ComEd, Peoples Gas/North Shore Gas, and Nicor. The program provides comprehensive, building-wide upgrades, including building envelope, HVAC, and domestic hot water systems, in both tenant units and common … Read more >
Multifamily Property Tax Exemption (MFTE) Statewide, Portland, Seattle
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Multifamily Property Tax Exemption (MFTE) Program is a statewide framework established by the Washington State Department of Commerce in 1995 to incentivize multifamily housing investment through temporary property tax exemptions on residential improvements, implemented by participating cities and counties. Property owners are exempt from taxes on residential improvements for … Read more >
NOAH Impact Fund Minneapolis
Cluster 1 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The NOAH Impact Fund is a private equity fund administered by Greater Minnesota Housing Fund (GMHF), a statewide community development financial institution (CDFI), to preserve the long-term affordability of naturally occurring affordable housing (NOAH) in opportunity areas across the Twin Cities region. The fund launched in 2017 with NOAH Pool … Read more >
Pathway Housing Fund (PHF) Nashville
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Pathway Housing Fund (PHF) is a $30 million private capital fund launched in 2024 by Pathway Lending, a Tennessee-based community development financial institution (CDFI). The fund is designed to preserve unsubsidized affordable rental housing across Tennessee that is at risk of market conversion due to gentrification and rising land … Read more >
Preservation of Existing Affordable Rental (PEAR) Pilot Chicago
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3The Preservation of Existing Affordable Rental (PEAR) Pilot Program was established by the City of Chicago in 2018 to preserve affordable housing in rising cost neighborhoods. The program provided zero-percent interest rate refinancing of private-sector debt on residential properties with six or more units, with the requirement that at least … Read more >
Property & Casualty Initiative (PCI) Loan Fund Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6The Property and Casualty Initiative, LLC (PCI) is a statewide community loan fund established in 1999 under Chapter 259 of the Massachusetts Acts of 1998 by a consortium of Massachusetts-based property and casualty insurance companies. PCI provides financing for affordable housing, community services, economic development, and small business lending to … Read more >
Regional Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing (NOAH) Fund Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 6The Regional NOAH Fund is a revolving debt program administered by Massachusetts Housing Investment Corporation (MHIC), a community development financial institution (CDFI) founded in 1993, to support the acquisition of unsubsidized multifamily properties across Massachusetts. The fund provides senior and subordinate debt at below-market rates for terms of up to … Read more >
Rental Improvement Fund (RIF) Philadelphia
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 5 Cluster 6The Rental Improvement Fund (RIF) is administered by the Philadelphia Housing Development Corporation (PHDC) and provides loans to small property owners for health, safety, habitability, energy, and water efficiency repairs. Eligible borrowers must own no more than 15 rental units across no more than five properties. Loan amounts range from … Read more >
Small and Medium Multifamily (SMMF) Loan Program Minneapolis
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 6The Small and Medium Multifamily (SMMF) Loan Program is a partnership among Land Bank Twin Cities, the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), and the City of Minneapolis to preserve small and medium multifamily rental properties (2–49 units) in Class B and C buildings without existing government subsidy. The Land Bank … Read more >
Small Buildings Program (SBP) Washington D.C.
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5The Small Buildings Program (SBP) is administered by the DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) Housing Preservation Unit and comprises two subprograms: the Small Housing Provider Grant and the Small Property Loan Program. The Small Housing Provider Grant provides up to $65,000 per unit, capped at $400,000 per … Read more >
Small Landlord Fund Pittsburgh
Cluster 1 Cluster 6The Small Landlord Fund, administered by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) of Pittsburgh, provided 0% interest deferred-payment loans of up to $20,000 per unit to landlords owning ten or fewer rental units for property repairs, upgrades, and conversion of vacant or market-rate units to affordable housing. Borrowers were required to … Read more >
Small Property Acquisition Fund (SPAF) Pilot Statewide, Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6The Small Property Acquisition Fund (SPAF) is a statewide program administered by the Community Economic Development Assistance Corporation (CEDAC), a community development financial institution (CDFI), on behalf of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Housing and Livable Communities (EOHLC). The program supports nonprofit acquisition of small residential properties to prevent displacement … Read more >
Texas Housing Conservancy Fund Austin
Cluster 1 Cluster 4 Cluster 5The Texas Housing Conservancy Fund is an open-ended social impact private equity fund managed by the Texas Housing Conservancy (TxHC), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded in 2016 in Austin, Texas. The fund pools capital from high-net-worth individuals, family offices, foundations, institutional investors, and bank CRA programs to acquire existing market-affordable multifamily … Read more >
The Life Initiative (TLI) Statewide, Boston
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 6The Life Initiative (TLI) is a Massachusetts-based investment fund established in 1999 under Chapter 259 of the Massachusetts Acts of 1998 and initially capitalized at $100 million for a 25-year period by life insurance companies. TLI provides a range of financing products, including predevelopment, acquisition, construction, bridge, and working capital … Read more >
Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) Washington D.C.
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 5The Washington Housing Initiative Impact Pool (WHIIP) is an approximately $115 million investment vehicle managed by JBG SMITH Impact Manager, a subsidiary of JBG SMITH Properties. The fund provides mezzanine/second trust financing, coordinates the placement of qualified 501(c)(3) bonds, and measures and reports on impact outcomes. WHIIP provides up to … Read more >
MSAs including Cluster 1
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